The cast iron is smelted in an iron melting furnace, and the result is cast iron (liquid). Then the liquid cast iron is cast into a casting, and this casting becomes an iron casting. Gray cast iron is a kind of iron-carbon alloy, and its section is gray, so it is called gray cast iron. In gray cast iron, carbon mainly exists in the form of flake graphite. As one of the widely used casting metals, cast gray iron has many advangates in costs, castability and machinablity.

Investment casting, or lost wax casting, refers to the formation of ceramic around the wax patterns to create a multi or single part mold to receive molten metal. This process utilizes an expendable injection molded wax pattern process to achieve complex forms with exceptional surface qualities. Because the investment castings can achieve exceptional dimension accuracy for both small and large casting parts, the investment casting is also called precision casting.

Chemical Composition of Die Casting Aluminium Alloy in US Standards including ANSI, ASTM and UNS. Permanent mold casting enables castings to be produced with excellent mechincal and physical material properties and near-net-shape dimensions. In permanent mold casting, the molten metal is poured into special permanent molds. This enables us to meet many of the criteria which are typical of steel, and offer numberious possiblities of creating individual molds.

Cast irons are the ferrous alloys which have carbon contents of more than 2%. Though cast irons can have a carbon percentage between 2 to 6.67, the practical limit is normally between 2 and 4%. These are important mainly because of their excellent casting qualities. The gray cast irons and ductile cast irons (also called nodular cast iron or spheroidal graphite iron).

Gray cast iron is an iron-carbon alloy in which the section surface is gray. Through the control of the composition and the solidification process, the carbon mainly appears in the form of flake graphite. The metallographic structure of gray cast iron is mainly composed of flake graphite, metal matrix and grain boundary eutectic.

Nodular cast iron obtains nodular graphite through spheroidization and inoculation treatment, which effectively improves the mechanical properties of the cast iron, especially the plasticity and toughness, so as to obtain higher strength than carbon steel. Nodular cast iron is a high-strength cast iron material developed in the 1950s.

High pressure die casting is a method in which liquid or semi-liquid metal is filled into the cavity of a die-casting mold at a high speed under high pressure, and solidified rapidly under pressure to obtain castings.

When cast iron is slowly cooled, the cementite decomposes into iron and carbon in the form of graphite which is called graphitization. Cast irons where a large percentage of cementite is decomposed by graphitization are called grey cast irons. Here in the following are the comparison table of the gray rion grade in different countries. They have different names, but generally they have the similar chemical composision and mechanical properties, so the can be called equivalent materials from different standards.

Ferrous materials are extensively used in the engineering industry because of their superiority, range of mechanical properties and lower costs. Still, non-ferrous materials are also used in various applications for their specific properties compared to ferrous alloys in spite of their generally high cost. Desired mechanical properties can be obtained in these alloys by work hardening, age hardening, etc, but not through normal heat treatment processes used for ferrous alloys. Some of the principal non-ferrous materials of interest are aluminium, copper, zinc, and magnesium